1. When you're cleared on a route, is the final altitude assigned supposed to work for all MVAs along the route? I'd assumed that was the case...but that's not how it played out yesterday.
no. MVAs don't apply to routings, UNLESS it's a radar vector or a direct point to point clearance, like in BVT direct PHL. They are established specifically for ATC to use. There are some exceptions to everything, I realize, but in most cases a controller won't give you a direct routing BELOW an MVA. This is because there are several reasons the MVA is established, could be obstructions, terrain, radar or radio coverage, etc.
2. Is there a good resource that gives you a global picture of MVAs along your route? The FAA website MVA charts by sector are patchy and hard to line up to the real geography and MEAs on the sectionals.
again, no. MVAs sometimes change and you can refer to #1 as to why it doesn't really matter if they're published in a global picture. my caveat to this is, if there is, it's not available to controllers.
3. During flight planning, I've generally just looked at the MEAs in an area to figure what minimum altitudes I can expect to get. Is there a better approach here? I now realize that MVAs can sometimes be higher than MEAs. BTW, for the segment in the scenario above, I was given direct point to point, not on an airway.
Your method is a good approach. however, you may get changes, like in this case. If you can't or don't want to be assigned a higher altitude, then file airways and stay above MEAs. Also, you can put in remarks section of your flight plan that you request to stay below xxx feet. That would let ATC know you have a restriction.
4. With winter coming, any other useful flight planning trips for us non-FIKI equipped folks? In the northeast, late October to late April ends up mostly being a VFR season for me, which is very limiting.
like in #3, file airways and let ATC know early you'd like to stay on course because you don't want to be above the freezing level in clouds.
retired ATC (Center). My views are my opinion, not established FAA regulations.