To answer a couple questions that have been brought up. How is a GE4509 bulb, leather, etc. authorized since there is no PMA or TSO? Every part on your on a type certificated airplane is certified to be installed in the airplane through the certification process and issuance of the type certificate. That is why you won't see a TSO or PMA on light bulbs or a stringer or rib...
Also, keep in mind that just because a part has a TSO, the TSO itself is not authorization to install the part on any aircraft. A PMA and it's list is authorization for those TC's listed.
In order for your aircraft to be "airworthy" it has to meet it's TC or be in a properly altered state. Technically, if the parts you are installing on your aircraft were not approved under the type certificate, STC, or part 21 for replacement parts, field approval, or DER whether minor or major alterations, your airplane is not in a properly altered stated. A&P IA privileges do not include authoring parts for installation on aircraft.
Standard parts are typically hardware, wiring, etc. They are considered standard parts because they are made to very specific criteria, AN, MS, Mil-Spec. An AN bolt for example has to meet load requirements, be made of very specific materials, meet nominal size tolerances etc. much like a TSO. These requirements are published and verifiable.